Introduction: Post-independence tribal policies, inspired by the Nehruvian Panchsheel, aimed at integrating tribals into the national mainstream while preserving their distinct cultural identities.

Key Features: Self-Development: Promotion of self-reliant growth respecting tribal traditions. Protection of Rights: Safeguarding land, forest, and cultural rights against external exploitation. Local Governance: Empowerment through local self-rule and participation (e.g., PESA Act, 1996). Minimal Administration: Avoiding over-bureaucratization of tribal areas. Human-Centric Growth: Focus on moral and social upliftment rather than mere economic indicators.

Reasons Behind Slow Progress: Administrative Apathy and Corruption hinder policy delivery. Low Awareness among tribals about welfare schemes and legal rights. Poor Coordination across central, state, and local bodies. Land Alienation and Displacement due to industrial and mining projects. Weak Legal Enforcement of protective laws and consent provisions.

Conclusion: While policies were visionary, progress remains slow due to implementation gaps. Strengthening institutional accountability and ensuring participatory governance are essential for true tribal empowerment.