✅ Criticism of Development Planning — #SocioSutras

• A.R. Desai → Saw planning as an instrument of state capitalism, serving elite and bureaucratic interests rather than the working class.
• Dhanagare & Ghanshyam Shah → Argued that development programmes reproduced social hierarchies, disproportionately benefiting dominant castes, classes, and regions.
• M.N. Srinivas → Through his ideas of dominant caste and vote-bank politics, explained how local elites captured developmental resources, leading to elite appropriation of welfare benefits.
• Yogendra Singh → In his thesis on Modernization of Indian Tradition, noted that planning sought to fuse traditional values with modern bureaucracy, but resulted in uneven and hybrid modernity rather than genuine transformation.