Here is a list of foundational values in governance that often come into inherent contradiction or tension with each other. These values are all essential in a democracy or welfare state, but in practice, they pull in different directions and must be balanced case by case:

⚖️ Contradictory Foundational Values in Governance

No. Foundational Value A ⛔ vs ⛔ Foundational Value B Explanation
1 Accountability vs Autonomy Demanding detailed explanations may limit independent decision-making.
2 Transparency vs Confidentiality Open access to information vs protection of sensitive or strategic data.
3 Equity vs Equality Equity tailors support to the disadvantaged, which may seem unequal in treatment.
4 Liberty (Freedom) vs Security Individual rights may be limited for national or public safety (e.g., during emergencies).
5 Justice (Distributive) vs Efficiency Equitable resource distribution may reduce optimal performance/output.
6 Impartiality (Neutrality) vs Empathy (Sensitivity) Treating all equally vs giving extra care to vulnerable sections.
7 Rule of Law vs Compassion Strict enforcement of law vs human-centric exceptions (e.g., pardons).
8 Participation (Democracy) vs Expertise (Technocracy) People's voice vs decisions based on scientific/professional knowledge.
9 Inclusiveness vs Meritocracy Providing space for all vs selecting only the best.
10 Continuity (Stability) vs Change (Reform) Protecting past achievements vs adapting to new realities.
11 Central Control vs Decentralised Freedom National uniformity vs local innovation/responsiveness.
12 Uniformity (One Nation) vs Diversity (Federalism/Multiculturalism) Same laws/policies for all vs respect for local/ethnic/cultural differences.
13 Legality vs Morality What is legal may not always be moral and vice versa (e.g., civil disobedience movements).
14 Sovereignty vs Global Cooperation National interest vs global common good (e.g., climate change, WTO).
15 Rights vs Duties Citizens often demand rights but may ignore corresponding responsibilities (e.g., right to vote vs duty to vote).

📌 Optional Structuring for UPSC Mains (DG_MG_SDGs_CTC_Law)

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