Below is a UPSC-ready, Notion-compatible, crisp-but-complete explanation of Parsons’ AGIL Model and his Social Change Theory — applied strictly to the Political Sphere.

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Talcott Parsons: AGIL Model in the Political Sphere

Parsons viewed every social system as needing to perform four functional prerequisites: A–G–I–L (Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, Latency).

In the political system, each function translates into a distinct political role or institution.

A — Adaptation (Economic & Resource Mobilisation for Politics)

Meaning: Every system must secure and allocate resources to survive.

Political Sphere Application:

• The political system adapts by mobilising economic resources (taxation, budgeting) to maintain governance and respond to crises.
• Regulatory agencies, planning bodies, finance ministries secure the resources needed for state functioning.
• Example: During pandemics/economic shocks, governments adjust fiscal/monetary tools → political system adapts to maintain stability.

Why it matters politically:

• Politics needs resources for defence, welfare, administration.
• Without adaptive capacity, political legitimacy collapses.

G — Goal Attainment (Executive Decision-Making & Political Leadership)

Meaning: Systems must define and pursue collective goals.

Political Sphere Application: